VST-4 Compact Desktop Vision-Based Counting and Packaging Machine

The VST-4 Compact Desktop Vision-Based Counting and Packaging Machine is designed for high-precision, efficient counting and packaging of small parts in warehouses and manufacturing environments. Its space-saving design and exceptional mobility make it an ideal solution for operations with limited space or requiring frequent repositioning.

Key Features

• High-Accuracy Vision System: Incorporates an industrial-grade vision sensor to ensure precise counting of a wide range of small components, regardless of shape or material.
• Compact & Portable Design: Its streamlined desktop structure allows easy relocation and integration into tight workspaces.
• Extensive Material Compatibility: Capable of handling diverse types of small items such as electronic components, hardware fasteners, and medical parts without requiring tooling changes.
• User-Friendly Operation: Features an intuitive interface with one-touch counting and packaging functions, minimizing training time and reducing operational complexity.
• Rapid Processing: Achieves high-speed counting and packaging, significantly improving throughput in small-batch production and logistics tasks.

Applications
Ideal for use in electronics, precision hardware, medical device manufacturing, and other industries where accurate counting and efficient packaging of small items are critical.

Ideal For

• Warehouses with limited floor space
• Small-batch production lines
• Multi-scenario, flexible counting and packaging requirementsEnhance your operational efficiency and reduce counting errors with the VST-4—a reliable, compact, and intelligent solution for modern small-part management.

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As a leading producer of automotive components with over three decades of professional experience, FENGYU has solidified its reputation as a trustworthy provider of Control Arms, delivering precision and longevity to the global aftermarket. Specializing in suspension parts, we offer an extensive lineup of Control Arms compatible with 90% of vehicle brands—covering Japanese makes (Toyota, Honda, Lexus, Nissan), American models (Ford, Dodge, Chevrolet, Chrysler), and even European brands like Volvo and BMW. This makes us the preferred choice for Toyota Control Arms, Honda Control Arms, Ford Control Arms, Dodge Control Arms, Chevrolet Silverado Upper Control Arms, Chrysler Control Arms, Lexus Control Arms, and Nissan Control Arms, among others.

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Engineered for Longevity: Premium Materials & Meticulous Craftsmanship​

At FENGYU, every Control Arm is built to endure the demands of daily driving and harsh road conditions, starting with top-tier materials. Our Control Arms feature high-strength alloy steel frames, ensuring exceptional rigidity to handle the pressure of vehicle weight, off-road bumps, and heavy loads. The integrated bushings—crafted from high-density, wear-resistant rubber—provide essential shock absorption, reducing noise and vibration while preventing metal-on-metal friction that shortens part life.

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We also prioritize protection against corrosion: each Control Arm undergoes a multi-layer coating process (including zinc plating and anti-rust paint) to shield against road salt, moisture, and debris—critical for maintaining performance in rainy or snowy regions. Hardware such as mounting brackets and bolts are forged from high-tensile steel, guaranteeing a secure fit that won’t loosen over time, whether it’s a Chevrolet Silverado Upper Control Arm or a Lexus Control Arm.

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Tailored to Your Business: Flexible OEM/ODM Solutions​

Recognizing the varied needs of aftermarket distributors, wholesalers, and importers, FENGYU offers customizable OEM/ODM services for Control Arms to help you build your brand. You can choose from finishes like matte black or silver, add laser-engraved logos or part numbers for easy brand recognition, or opt for personalized packaging—from branded color boxes to custom polybags that align with your marketing strategy.

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With a low MOQ of 100 units per model, we eliminate the burden of large inventory commitments, making it easy to stock both bestsellers (like Toyota Control Arms and Ford Control Arms) and specialized options (such as Chevrolet Silverado Upper Control Arms). Our factory-direct pricing also ensures you get competitive profit margins, helping you stay ahead in the aftermarket.

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Quality You Can Rely On: Strict Testing & Global Certifications​

Quality is non-negotiable at FENGYU, and every Control Arm undergoes rigorous testing to meet or exceed OE standards. We start with raw material inspections (verifying the strength of alloy steel), then conduct in-process checks to ensure dimensional accuracy—critical for a perfect fit with each vehicle model. Before shipment, each Control Arm is tested for load-bearing capacity (to confirm it handles vehicle weight safely), bushing flexibility (to ensure smooth movement), and corrosion resistance (to validate long-term durability).

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Our commitment to quality is backed by IATF 16949 and ISO certifications, meaning every FENGYU Control Arm—whether a Nissan Control Arm or a Chrysler Control Arm—adheres to global quality benchmarks. You can trust that our parts will perform as reliably as original components, keeping end-users safe and comfortable on the road.

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Supported by Expertise & Responsive After-Sales Service​

We stand behind every Control Arm we produce with a solid warranty and 24/7 after-sales support. If you encounter any issues—whether a fitment concern with a Honda Control Arm or a performance question about a Chevrolet Silverado Upper Control Arm—our team is ready to assist. Simply share photos or videos of the problem, and we’ll provide prompt solutions, including refunds or replacements in your next order.

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With over 30 years of export experience, we understand the importance of timely delivery. Our ready stock of 100,000+ Control Arms (including hot-selling models like Toyota Control Arms and Ford Control Arms) ensures quick turnaround for urgent orders, while custom OEM/ODM orders are fulfilled within 30–45 days—keeping your inventory flowing and your customers satisfied.

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Partner with FENGYU for Suspension Excellence​

Whether you need to stock Toyota Control Arms for sedans, Chevrolet Silverado Upper Control Arms for trucks, or Lexus Control Arms for luxury SUVs, FENGYU combines quality, flexibility, and expertise to support your business. We don’t just supply parts—we build long-term partnerships, offering professional guidance to help you curate a product range that meets your market’s unique needs.

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Looking for a trusted Control Arm supplier? Contact the FENGYU team today to explore our full range, discuss customization options, and get a free quotation. Grow your business with parts built to deliver lasting suspension performance.

 

 

1. Municipal Direct Supply

 

Principle: Water is supplied through the municipal pipeline network to a water tank (or reservoir), which is then pressurized and pumped to the user's water point.

 

Components: Water tank (reservoir), pump, pipes, valves, etc.

 

Features:

Advantages:

Simple system with low investment cost.

The water tank can store a certain amount of water, allowing for temporary water supply during a municipal pipeline outage, ensuring continuous water supply.

Disadvantages:

The water tank requires regular cleaning and disinfection, otherwise it can easily breed bacteria and algae, affecting water quality.

It occupies building space (such as a rooftop or basement) and has certain structural requirements.

 

Applicable scenarios: Multi-story buildings, locations with low water quality requirements, or areas where municipal pipeline pressure is unstable but water storage is required.

 

 

2. Superimposed Pressure Water Supply

 

Principle: Directly connected to the municipal water supply network, water is supplied by superimposing the municipal water supply pressure through a flow stabilization tank and a water pump. No water tank is required (or only a small-volume flow stabilization tank is required).

 

Components: Flow stabilization tank, water pump unit, pressure sensor, negative pressure prevention device, control cabinet, etc.

 

Features:

Advantages:

No large water tank required, saving building space and reducing the risk of water contamination.

Overlay water pressure utilizes municipal pipe pressure, resulting in significant energy savings (approximately 30%-50% energy savings compared to traditional variable-frequency water supply).

Easy installation and a small footprint make it suitable for retrofit projects.

Disadvantages:

Limited by municipal pipe pressure, low pressure may affect water supply to surrounding users.

Requires high municipal pipe water quality (not suitable for use in areas with easily contaminated water).

 

Applicable Scenario: Areas with stable municipal pipe pressure and good water quality, particularly suitable for high-rise buildings with high water quality requirements and limited space (such as residential communities and commercial complexes).

 

3. Industrial Frequency Water Pump Supply Method

 

Principle: A water pump operates at a fixed speed under a constant industrial frequency power supply (typically 50Hz AC). The centrifugal force generated by the rotating pump impeller pressurizes and delivers water to the pipe network. Its core characteristic is that the pump speed is constant, and the water flow rate is primarily regulated by valves (such as throttle valves and check valves). The speed cannot be adjusted in real time based on water consumption, making this a traditional fixed-speed water supply method.

 

Components: Flow stabilization tank, pump unit, pressure sensor, piping system, valves, and control devices.

 

Features:

Advantages:

Simple system structure, no complex variable frequency control system or pressure sensor required, minimal equipment, and easy installation and commissioning.

Low initial investment cost, eliminating expensive equipment such as frequency converters and intelligent controllers, resulting in significantly lower hardware costs than variable frequency water supply systems.

Stable operation, stable mains power supply, and no electromagnetic interference or control system failures that can occur with variable frequency equipment.

Disadvantages:

High energy consumption, poor economic efficiency, inability to adjust speed based on water consumption, and constant operation at maximum power. When water consumption decreases, valves must be used to throttle and reduce pressure, resulting in a "big horse pulling a small cart" phenomenon and significant energy waste. (Statistically, compared to variable frequency water supply, mains frequency water supply may consume more energy.) 30%-50%).

 

Water pressure fluctuates significantly. During peak water usage, insufficient pump output can cause a drop in water pressure, resulting in insufficient water supply to high-rise users. During low water usage, excessive pressure in the pipe network can damage pipes or water-using appliances (such as faucets and water heaters).

 

4. Variable Frequency Drive Water Supply Method

 

Principle: The frequency converter controls the pump speed, adjusting the water supply pressure in real time based on water consumption to maintain constant pipe network pressure.

 

Components: Pump unit, frequency converter, pressure sensor, control cabinet, piping, etc.

 

Features:

Advantages:

High efficiency and energy saving, on-demand water supply, and avoids the "high-pressure throttling" problem of traditional water supply methods. This reduces energy waste.

The high degree of automation eliminates frequent manual operation, resulting in stable pressure and a superior water experience.

The low starting current of the pump reduces mechanical wear and extends equipment life.

Disadvantages:

High equipment investment (requires inverters, control cabinets, etc.).

High control system stability requirements, requiring specialized maintenance personnel.

 

Applicable scenarios: High-rise buildings, locations with high water consumption and high water quality requirements (such as hotels, hospitals, and office buildings), or areas with insufficient municipal pipe pressure but requiring a stable water supply.

In today’s modern HVAC systems, where energy efficiency and comfort are top priorities, circulation pumps play a critical role as the driving force of fluid dynamics. Shinhoo Master SD Series circulation pumps stand out with advanced intelligent control and exceptional energy performance, establishing themselves as the next-generation solution for efficient heating and cooling systems.

 

Intelligent Control for Quiet and Stable Operation

Equipped with adaptive algorithms, Master SD Series adjusts pump operation in real time through PWM signals. Multiple speed modes allow the pump to meet diverse system requirements for flow and head. Combined with a permanent magnet synchronous motor and low-noise design, the pump achieves highly efficient performance with a noise level as low as 42 dB(A), ensuring a quiet and comfortable environment.

 

Ultra-High Efficiency with Certified Energy Savings

Master SD Series achieves an outstanding EEI ≤ 0.20 (Part 2) energy efficiency rating, proudly carrying Europe’s Energy Efficiency Class A certification. Compared to conventional pumps, it reduces energy consumption by more than 20%. Featuring a full copper motor with Class H insulation, the pump is built for durability, high-temperature resistance, and reliable long-term operation even under continuous heavy loads.

 

Wide Compatibility Across HVAC Systems

Designed for versatility, Master SD Series supports CP/CS/PP operating modes, making it adaptable to underfloor heating, radiators, hot water circulation, and cooling systems. For more demanding or corrosive environments, an optional plastic pump body ensures rust-free performance and extended lifespan.

 

Smart Protection and Easy Monitoring

The pump integrates intelligent air venting and anti-blocking functions, automatically eliminating trapped air and preventing impeller jamming for uninterrupted operation. A clear display provides real-time data on flow and power, allowing users to monitor system performance at a glance and quickly identify any faults.

 

Robust Structure, Sustainable Design

Built with multiple layers of electrical and mechanical protection, Master SD Series maintains high reliability even in intensive operating conditions. Its anti-condensation design enhances adaptability in challenging environments. At the same time, the pump’s eco-conscious engineering aligns with modern sustainability goals.

 

Powering the Future of Efficient HVAC

With whisper-quiet operation, industry-leading efficiency, and intelligent system integration, Master SD Series redefines what circulation pumps can achieve. Whether in residential or commercial settings, it delivers consistent, reliable, and sustainable circulation power.

As environmental policies tighten and high-demand applications expand, the market places greater emphasis on the comprehensive performance of pumps. Mega S Pro Series was developed to meet these challenges, delivering cutting-edge technology and sustainable design to provide silent, efficient, and reliable solutions for modern industrial fluid systems.

 

Innovative Design for Energy Efficiency

Equipped with ultra-high-efficiency motors, optimized hydraulic models, and advanced frequency control technology, Mega S Pro Series achieves an Energy Efficiency Index (EEI) of below 0.23 — setting a benchmark in the industry. Compared with traditional pumps, the series reduces overall energy consumption by 20% to 50%, significantly lowering electricity costs while promoting sustainable, low-carbon operations.

 

Reliability That Lasts

Built for long-term stability, Mega S Pro Series integrates 15 protection mechanisms within its control circuits. Core components undergo durability simulation testing and material reinforcement. The impeller is made of hydrolysis- and alcoholysis-resistant polymers, while the shield adopts 304 stainless steel, ensuring rust-free performance in high-temperature, high-humidity, and corrosive environments. This design reduces replacement frequency and minimizes lifecycle maintenance costs

 

Ultra-Quiet Operation — Noise <39 dB(A)

Through 3D flow channel simulation and low-vibration impeller design, Mega S Pro Series effectively suppresses hydraulic noise. At full load, the 200W model operates below 39 dB(A), while the 1800W model remains at just 56 dB(A) — equivalent to the silence of a library. This makes it an ideal choice for noise-sensitive environments such as hospitals, laboratories, and high-end manufacturing facilities.

 

Intelligent Control & User-Friendly Interface

Mega S Pro Series features a TFT LCD display with Chinese/English switching, multi-curve visualization, and real-time flow/head monitoring. With 12 control modes (including constant pressure, constant flow, temperature, and differential temperature) and three communication protocols (Modbus, CAN, LIN), the system enables dual-use heating/cooling, precise temperature regulation, and accurate flow control.

 

Technology That Creates Value

Mega S Pro Series is more than a pump — it represents a forward-looking response to the industry’s demand for reliability, sustainability, silence, and intelligence. By combining technological innovation with environmental responsibility, Shinhoo continues to deliver solutions that help global customers achieve higher performance and long-term value.

Textiles (such as clothing, furniture fabrics, bedding, etc.) may come into contact with fire sources (such as open flames, high-temperature electrical appliances, cigarettes, etc.) during daily use. Their combustion characteristics are directly related to fire risk and personal safety. Therefore, imparting flame-retardant properties to textiles is of great significance in eliminating fire hazards, preventing the spread of fire, and reducing loss of life and property.

1. Vertical burning method: Mainly used for flame retardancy testing of clothing textiles, curtains, and other fabrics. This testing method requires the test sample to be placed vertically (with the length direction of the test sample perpendicular to the horizontal line). The ignition source is located below the test sample to initiate combustion. Key indicators related to flame-retardant performance include the minimum ignition time, sustained burning time, smoldering time, flame spread rate, char length (damaged length), and char area (damaged area) of the test sample.

Common testing standards for the vertical burning method:

GB/T5455 Test method for flammability of textiles;  

GB/T8745 Determination of vertical damage length, flame retardancy, and sustained burning time of textiles;  

16CFR1615/1616 Flammability test for children's sleepwear.

2.45° Burning Method: This testing method specifies that the test sample is placed at a 45° angle (with the length of the test sample forming a 45° angle with the horizontal line), and measures the time required for the sample to burn upward over a certain distance, or measures post-flame burning time, smoldering time, flame spread rate, char length, char area, or the number of times the sample must come into contact with the flame to burn to a certain distance below the sample, among other indicators related to flame-retardant performance.

Common testing standards for the 45° burning method:

GB/T14644 Determination of burning rate in the 45° direction for textile burning performance;  

ASTM D1230 Standard test method for flammability of apparel textiles;  

16 CFR PART 1610 Flammability test standard for apparel textiles;  

CAN/CGSB-4.2 No. 27.5 Canadian textile 45° flame burning performance.

3. Horizontal Burning Method: Primarily used for testing the flammability performance of children's sleeping bags and blankets. This testing method involves exposing the sample surface to a standardized flame for a specified period of time, observing the burning rate, damage extent, or color change of the sample, and subsequently grading the tested fabric.

Common testing standards for the horizontal burning method:

CPAI75 Children's Sleeping Bag Flammability Test

ASTM F1955 Sleeping Bag Flammability Test Method

ASTM D4151 Blanket Flammability Test Method

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Yarn friction tester is the quality and performance of knitted fabrics depend on the characteristics of the knitted raw materials, the structure and specifications of the knitted fabrics, dyeing and finishing, and other factors. Among these, the performance of the knitted raw materials is the primary factor influencing the characteristics of knitted fabrics. Different types of knitted fabrics require different raw materials. Currently, most knitted fabrics used for underwear are made from cotton yarn; the raw materials for sock products include cotton yarn, wool, and chemical fibers. Wool sweaters are primarily made from wool, acrylic, acrylic blended yarn, etc. The main raw materials for knitted jackets are polyester, nylon, acrylic, blended yarn, and new textile materials (such as staple fibers, differentiated fibers, etc.); raw materials for special industries are primarily glass fiber, metal wires, and aromatic fibers. Raw material components can be pure yarn, which contains only one type of fiber, or blended yarn, which contains two or more types of fibers; (e.g., colored yarn, slub yarn, knotted yarn, core-spun yarn, etc.). Additionally, the emergence of new raw materials, such as special-shaped chemical fibers, composite fibers, and especially ultra-fine denier fibers, has opened up new methods for knitted yarn production.

During the process of forming knitted fabrics on a knitting machine, yarn is subjected to complex mechanical actions such as stretching, bending, twisting, and friction. To ensure normal production and product quality, knitting yarn must meet various requirements:

1. Yarn should have sufficient strength and extensibility

2. Yarn should have good softness

3. Yarn should have a certain degree of twist

4. The linear density of yarn should be uniform, and yarn defects should be minimal

5. The yarn should have good moisture absorption properties

6. The yarn should have a good finish and low friction coefficient

Knitting yarn should be free of impurities and oil stains and should be very smooth. Rough yarn can cause severe wear on parts, which are easily damaged. There are many flying sparks in the workshop, which not only affect workers' health but also impact the productivity of the knitting machine and the quality of the fabric.

Additionally, during the weaving process, yarn comes into friction contact with various mechanical components to impart a certain degree of resistance, thereby generating yarn tension. Therefore, when passing through ring machines, yarn with rough surfaces or coarse yarn will produce higher yarn tension, which will affect the uniformity of yarn tension and result in uneven loop structure. To reduce the yarn's friction coefficient, the yarn surface can be treated with anti-adhesive agents, lubricants, or wax.

When friction occurs as the yarn slides over other surfaces, tension is generated due to friction. In practical applications, the yarn passes through several sinkers and hooks. As the friction coefficient increases, yarn tension increases significantly. The increase in tension depends not only on the friction coefficient but also on the yarn guidance and the total wrapping angle when the yarn slides.

During textile processing, relative movement typically occurs between yarns, as well as between yarns and machine components, resulting in friction between yarns or between yarns and other materials. Sufficient friction between yarns is a necessary condition for good dimensional stability of the fabric; however, excessive friction can cause pounding during weaving and adversely affect fabric quality. The magnitude of the friction coefficient also directly influences the appearance and style of the fabric. For example, friction between yarns to some extent determines the fabric's interlacing resistance. If the interlacing resistance is too high, the fabric typically feels hard and rough, and distortion is likely to occur. Additionally, the friction force between yarns plays a decisive role in the fabric's shear deformation resistance, and the circular shape of the chest and back areas requires the fabric to have good shear deformation capability. Therefore, determining the yarn friction coefficient is of significant importance.

UTSTESTER's Y019A/B Yarn Friction Tester (ASTM D 3108) is used to measure the friction characteristics of yarns. This tester is suitable for determining the dynamic friction coefficient of chemical fiber filaments and other material yarns, and can also be used for textiles such as top rolls. The friction coefficient measurement of the device is an indispensable testing tool for evaluating the friction coefficient of filaments and textile equipment.

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Salt is one of the most common compounds in the world and can be found in oceans, the atmosphere, on land surfaces, in lakes, and in rivers. When salt enters tiny droplets in the atmosphere, it forms a salt fog environment whose main component is sodium chloride.

1. What is salt spray testing?

Salt spray testing is used to evaluate the resistance of products or metal materials to salt spray corrosion. The results of salt spray testing are used to determine product quality, and whether the results are correct and reasonable is key to accurately measuring the resistance of products or metals to salt spray corrosion.

2. Classification of Salt Spray Test Methods Artificial simulated salt spray tests include three different test methods with varying requirements.  

(1) Neutral Salt Spray Test (NSS Test) is the earliest developed and currently most widely applied accelerated corrosion test method. It uses a 5% sodium chloride saltwater solution with a pH value adjusted to the neutral range (6.5–7.2) as the spray solution. The test temperature is set at 35°C, with a required salt fog deposition rate of 1–2 ml/80 cm/h.  

Application scope: metals and alloys, metal coatings, conversion coatings, anodized coatings, and organic coatings on metal substrates.

(2) The Acetic Acid Salt Spray Test (ASS Test) was developed based on the neutral salt spray test. It involves adding some glacial acetic acid to a 5% sodium chloride solution, lowering the solution's pH to around 3, making the solution acidic, and resulting in acidic salt spray instead of neutral salt spray. Its corrosion rate is approximately three times faster than that of the NSS test.

Application scope: decorative coatings of copper + nickel + chromium or nickel + chromium, anodized films on aluminum, and organic coatings.

(3) The Copper-Accelerated Acetic Acid Salt Spray Test (CASS Test) is a newly developed rapid salt spray corrosion test abroad. The test temperature is 50°C, and a small amount of copper salt (copper chloride) is added to the salt solution to strongly induce corrosion. Its corrosion rate is approximately 8 times that of the NSS test.

Application scope: decorative coatings of copper + nickel + chromium or nickel + chromium, anodized aluminum films, and organic coatings.

3. How long is the conversion time between salt spray testing and natural environment exposure?

Based on existing industry standards (theoretical values), the conversion relationship between 24-hour salt spray testing and natural environment exposure is as follows:

Neutral salt spray testing for 24 hours ⇌ 1 year of natural environment exposure

Acetic acid salt spray testing for 24 hours ⇌ 3 years of natural environment exposure

Copper salt accelerated acetic acid salt spray testing for 24 hours ⇌ 8 years of natural environment exposure

There is no uniform standard for salt spray test duration, which should be flexibly selected based on product type, industry standards, and testing objectives. It is primarily divided into three categories:  

(1) Short-term testing (24–72 hours)  

Purpose: Rapid screening of the basic corrosion resistance of materials or coatings, such as small appliance housings, connectors, etc.  

Example: Exposed automotive hardware: 24-hour neutral salt spray test (NSS); Electronic component factory testing: 24–48 hours.

(2) Medium-term testing (72–168 hours)

Purpose: To assess durability in moderate corrosion environments, such as automotive components and outdoor building materials.

Example: Hardware fittings (doors, windows, railings): 96–168 hours; photovoltaic mounting brackets: 72–240 hours.

(3) Long-term testing (over 168 hours)

Purpose: Reliability verification in extreme environments (e.g., marine engineering, aerospace), with durations up to 1,000–2,000 hours.  

Examples: Ship components: starting at 500 hours, some exceeding 2,000 hours; aerospace fasteners: 480–1,000 hours of neutral or alternating salt spray testing.

Salt spray test duration is a dynamic parameter that requires flexible design based on product application, environment, and standards. Short-term tests (24 hours) are suitable for production line spot checks, while thousand-hour-level tests serve as the “quality gatekeepers” for marine and aerospace equipment. Reasonable time planning can avoid the cost waste of excessive testing while accurately exposing corrosion protection shortcomings.

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Nonwovens are widely used in daily life and industry due to their unique properties. From medical and hygiene products to filter materials and geotextiles, nonwovens have a wide range of applications. To ensure that nonwoven products meet the needs of various industries, the ISO 9073 testing standard was developed to provide a comprehensive assessment method for nonwovens quality control.

1. Introduction to ISO 9073 Testing Standards

ISO 9073 is a series of standards developed by the International Organization for Standardization for nonwoven fabric testing. They cover a wide range of test methods, from raw material properties and finished product physical properties to specialized properties. These standards are designed to ensure that the quality and performance of nonwoven products meet specific requirements and protect the interests of end users.

2. Key Contents of the ISO 9073 Testing Standard

The ISO 9073 testing standard series consists of multiple parts, each addressing different testing requirements. The following are some key ISO 9073 standards and their explanations:

（1）ISO 9073-1: Sample Collection and Preparation

This part of the standard specifies the sampling and preparation methods for nonwoven fabric samples prior to testing to ensure accurate and reproducible test results.

（2）ISO 9073-2: Measurement of Thickness

The thickness of nonwoven fabrics directly affects their water absorption, air permeability, and other properties. This part of the standard describes methods for accurately measuring the thickness of nonwoven fabrics.

（3）ISO 9073-3: Determination of Mass and Mass Variability

Specifies standard test methods for determining the mass (weight) of nonwoven fabrics and their variability over a specified area.

（4）ISO 9073-4: Determination of Tear Strength

This standard provides a test method for measuring the tear strength of nonwoven fabrics, a key indicator of their mechanical properties.

（5）ISO 9073-10: Determination of liquid breakthrough time and absorption rate

For nonwovens used as absorbent materials, the absorption rate and amount of liquid absorbed are extremely important. This part of the standard describes test methods for evaluating these properties. Given that certain applications require special flame retardancy for nonwovens, this part of the standard specifies test methods for the flammability of nonwovens.

（6）ISO 9073-13: Flammability test

3. Application and Significance of ISO 9073 Standards in the Nonwovens Industry

ISO 9073 testing standards provide a scientific and systematic evaluation method for the production, inspection, and application of nonwoven products. Through these standards, manufacturers can comprehensively evaluate and control the performance of nonwovens, improving product quality and gaining an advantage in the fiercely competitive market. For consumers, the application of ISO 9073 standards ensures they can obtain reliable nonwoven products that meet their needs in various scenarios.

4. Conclusion

As the application areas of nonwovens continue to expand, the performance requirements are becoming increasingly stringent. The ISO 9073 testing standard provides a scientific and systematic testing method to ensure that nonwoven products can meet increasingly stringent application requirements. In the future, as technology advances and the market develops, the ISO 9073 standard may be updated and improved accordingly to adapt to new challenges and demands. For companies in the nonwovens industry, understanding and strictly adhering to the ISO 9073 testing standard is undoubtedly key to promoting sustainable development and enhancing competitiveness.

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