I. Daily Pre-Start Inspection

1. Appearance and Structural Inspection

Inspect the main components such as the scrap metal shredder body, cutter box, and frame for obvious deformation, cracks, or corrosion.

Confirm that all bolts and nuts (especially the bolts securing the cutter shaft, blades, and motor) are tight.

Check that safety devices such as the protective cover and safety doors are intact and reliably closed.

2. Blade Condition Inspection

Inspect the blades through the inspection port for wear, chipping, or looseness.

If severely worn blades are found (decreased cutting efficiency, larger output size), adjust or replace them promptly.

3. Electrical System Inspection

Inspect the control cabinet wiring for looseness or aging.

Confirm that the emergency stop button, limit switches, and other safety functions are working properly.

Check the motor and reducer for abnormal noise or signs of overheating.

4. Lubrication System Inspection

Check that the oil levels at bearings, gears, hydraulic system, and other lubrication points are normal.

Check that the lubricating oil is clean; replace it immediately if contaminated or deteriorated.

5. Hydraulic System Inspection

Check the hydraulic oil level and quality, and confirm there are no leaks in the pipelines.

Test the smoothness of the hydraulic cylinder's pushing and pressing functions.

II. Monitoring During Operation

1. Monitoring Operating Status

Pay attention to whether the equipment's operating sound is stable. If abnormal vibrations or impact sounds are heard, stop the machine immediately for inspection.

Monitor the temperature rise of the motor, reducer, and bearings to ensure it is within the normal range (generally ≤60℃).

2. Observing Output Quality

Periodically check the size of the shredded material. Uneven size may indicate blade wear or the need to adjust the gap.

3. Feeding Monitoring

It is strictly forbidden to allow oversized materials (such as those that are too thick or too long) or non-metallic debris (such as concrete blocks or flammable materials) into the machine to avoid jamming or damaging the equipment.

The gantry shearing machine represents a pivotal advancement in industrial metal processing, combining precision engineering with high-efficiency operation. Unlike traditional mechanical shears, this equipment features a gantry-style frame structure that spans the material processing area, providing exceptional stability and cutting accuracy. Its design typically incorporates a fixed lower blade and a moving upper blade that descends vertically, creating a clean shear action across the entire width of the metal sheet. This configuration allows for processing large-format materials with minimal distortion, making it indispensable in industries requiring high-volume, high-precision sheet metal cutting.

One of the machine's most significant advantages lies in its versatility. Modern gantry shears can handle various materials including mild steel, stainless steel, aluminum, and copper alloys, with thickness capacities ranging from 1mm to over 20mm depending on the machine's power rating. The integration of CNC (Computer Numerical Control) systems has further revolutionized its operation, enabling programmable cutting sequences, automatic back gauge positioning, and real-time monitoring of cutting parameters. Operators can input cutting dimensions through a user-friendly interface, and the machine executes complex cutting patterns with repeatable accuracy down to ±0.1mm.

Safety features constitute another critical aspect of gantry shearing machines. Advanced models incorporate photoelectric safety curtains, two-hand operation controls, and emergency stop systems to protect operators during high-risk operations. The hydraulic or servo-electric drive systems ensure smooth, controlled blade movement, reducing noise levels and vibration compared to mechanical counterparts. Additionally, modern designs emphasize energy efficiency through variable-speed motors and regenerative braking systems that recover energy during deceleration.

In practical applications, gantry shears serve as primary equipment in shipbuilding, automotive manufacturing, construction material production, and heavy machinery fabrication. Their ability to process large plates with minimal material waste contributes significantly to cost efficiency in mass production environments. The machine's robust construction, typically featuring welded steel frames and hardened tool steel blades, ensures long service life even under continuous operation. As Industry 4.0 concepts gain traction, these machines are increasingly equipped with IoT connectivity for predictive maintenance, remote diagnostics, and production data analytics, further enhancing their operational value in smart manufacturing ecosystems.

The evolution of gantry shearing technology continues to address industry demands for higher throughput, improved material utilization, and reduced setup times. With ongoing innovations in blade materials, control systems, and automation integration, these machines remain at the forefront of metal fabrication technology, demonstrating how traditional mechanical processes can adapt to meet the precision requirements of modern manufacturing.

Horizontal baling machine is a crucial piece of equipment in modern waste management and recycling industries. Unlike vertical balers that compress materials from top to bottom, horizontal balers operate by compressing waste materials horizontally, typically using a hydraulic ram system. This design allows for continuous feeding and higher production capacity, making them particularly suitable for large-scale operations in recycling facilities, manufacturing plants, and waste processing centers.

The machine consists of several key components: a large rectangular chamber (baling box), a powerful hydraulic system, a feeding conveyor or hopper, and a bale tying mechanism. Waste materials such as cardboard, paper, plastics, textiles, or metal scraps are fed into the chamber through the hopper. Once the chamber is sufficiently filled, the hydraulic ram activates, applying immense pressure—often ranging from 50 to 200 tons—to compress the materials into dense, uniform bales. The compression cycle repeats until the desired bale size is achieved, after which the bale is automatically tied with wires or straps and ejected from the machine.

Horizontal balers offer significant advantages over other baling systems. Their continuous feeding capability enables uninterrupted operation, increasing throughput efficiency. The horizontal design allows for larger bale sizes (typically 1-2 meters in length), which reduces transportation costs by maximizing load capacity. These machines can handle various materials, from light corrugated cardboard to heavy metal scraps, with adjustable pressure settings to accommodate different material densities. Common applications include recycling centers processing municipal solid waste, paper mills handling waste paper, textile factories managing fabric scraps, and manufacturing plants dealing with packaging materials.

Modern horizontal balers incorporate advanced safety features such as emergency stop buttons, safety interlocks, and automatic shut-off systems to prevent accidents during operation. Regular maintenance of hydraulic systems, electrical components, and mechanical parts is essential for optimal performance. Operators require proper training to ensure safe handling and efficient operation. Environmental benefits include reducing waste volume by up to 90%, lowering landfill usage, and facilitating easier transportation and storage of recyclable materials.

In summary, horizontal baling machines play a vital role in sustainable waste management practices. Their robust design, high processing capacity, and versatility make them indispensable in industries committed to recycling and resource conservation. As environmental regulations tighten and recycling demands increase, these machines continue to evolve with improved automation, energy efficiency, and safety standards, contributing to a more circular economy.

The scrap metal shearing machine, often nicknamed the "tiger shear" for its powerful cutting jaws, is a cornerstone piece of equipment in the metal recycling and scrap processing industry. Its primary function is to use immense hydraulic force to cut, compress, and densify various forms of ferrous and non-ferrous scrap—such as demolition steel, vehicles, appliances, and industrial waste—into clean, manageable pieces ideal for steel mills and foundries. This process is fundamental for efficient recycling, transforming bulky, low-density scrap into a high-quality furnace-ready raw material.

At its core, a scrap metal shear operates on a simple yet powerful principle. The machine typically consists of a large feed box, a hold-down cylinder, and a massive moving blade (the "jaw") that works against a fixed blade. The process is highly systematic:

1. Loading: Loose scrap is loaded into the machine's feed box or chamber.

2. Compaction & Holding: A powerful hydraulic hold-down cylinder descends to compress and firmly secure the material. This is critical for safety, preventing material from shifting or "kicking back" during the cut.

3. Shearing: The main hydraulic cylinders then drive the moving blade (often in an upward or horizontal motion) with tremendous force—often measuring in hundreds or thousands of tons—to shear through the metal against the stationary blade, much like a pair of giant scissors.

4. Ejection: After the cut, the hold-down releases, and the sheared, densified "log" or bale is ejected, ready for transport.

Modern shears are controlled by Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs), enabling semi-automatic or fully automatic cycling for continuous, efficient operation.

Main Types and Key Advantages

Shears are broadly categorized by their structure and optimal use case:

• Alligator Shear: Named for its scissor-like, hinged jaw movement reminiscent of an alligator's bite. It is more compact and cost-effective, ideal for smaller yards processing lighter scrap like rebar, sheet metal, and structural beams.

• Guillotine Shear (or Box Shear): Features a large box-like feed chamber and a blade that moves vertically (like a historical guillotine) or horizontally within a solid "gate" or frame. It excels at processing heavier, bulkier materials like entire car bodies, large industrial equipment, and thick plate due to its greater chamber size and holding force.

The advantages of using a shear are transformative for the recycling workflow:

• Volume Reduction: Sheared scrap can occupy up to 70% less space, drastically cutting storage and transportation costs.

• Improved Quality: Produces clean, dense "furnace-ready" bundles that melt more efficiently in electric arc or basic oxygen furnaces, reducing energy consumption and impurities.

• Enhanced Safety & Environment: Replaces dangerous and polluting methods like manual torch cutting with a contained, controlled process.

• Operational Efficiency: Enables high-volume processing with reduced labor and faster turnaround.

Operational Monitoring

1. Sound and Vibration:

Listen to the operating sound of the equipment. A normal hydraulic system produces a smooth sound, and the sound during shearing is deep and powerful. If abnormal impact sounds, friction sounds, or pump whistling sounds occur, stop the machine immediately for inspection.

Feel the equipment vibration. Abnormal vibration may indicate loose bolts, unstable foundation, or damaged internal parts.

2. Hydraulic System:

Observe the hydraulic system pressure gauge to ensure the working pressure is within the rated range and to check for abnormal fluctuations or insufficient pressure.

Pay attention to the hydraulic oil temperature. Under continuous operation, the oil temperature should not be too high (generally not exceeding 70℃). Excessive oil temperature will accelerate oil oxidation and damage seals.

Continuously monitor for any new leaks.

Application and Future Outlook

The scrap metal shear is an indispensable engine of the circular economy. As global emphasis on sustainability and carbon reduction intensifies, the demand for efficient scrap preprocessing continues to soar. This drives innovation in shear technology toward larger sizes, greater intelligence, and greener operation. The future lies in smart, connected machines integrated with IoT sensors and AI. These systems will auto-optimize cutting patterns, predict maintenance needs, and maximize yield, making metal recycling more efficient, profitable, and essential for a sustainable industrial future.

3. Shearing Performance:

Observe whether the shearing process is smooth and whether the sheared section is clean. If the material cannot be broken, the cut is skewed, or the equipment exhibits abnormal resistance, stop immediately and check the blade clearance, blade sharpness, or whether the material is out of specification.

Knitted fabrics, prized for their softness against the skin, excellent elasticity, and breathable comfort, are widely used in apparel, home textiles, sportswear, and other fields. Durability, as a core quality indicator for knitted fabrics, directly determines product lifespan and consumer experience. Whether it's everyday sweaters, athletic wear, or frequently used bedding sets, issues like easy tearing or deformation severely impact brand reputation. So, how can we scientifically control the durability of knitted fabrics? The burst strength tester, as a core testing device in the textile industry, serves as a crucial “defense line” safeguarding the durability of knitted fabrics.

I. What is Fabric Bursting Strength Testing?

Fabric bursting strength is typically determined through a standardized method known as the “bursting strength test.” During this process, a specified pressure is applied to a fabric sample until it ruptures. The bursting strength is then recorded as the maximum pressure the fabric withstood before failure. Of course, professional testing incorporates various methods—such as constant-speed burst, constant-pressure burst, and constant-time burst—to comprehensively evaluate a textile's burst resistance from multiple perspectives.

Higher burst strength indicates superior resistance to puncture and greater durability in applications involving pressure or impact. Fabric manufacturers utilize burst strength testing to ensure their products meet industry standards and customer expectations for quality and performance.

II. Why Does Bursting Strength Test Knit Fabric Durability?

The structural characteristics of knitted fabrics are formed by interlocking yarns, resulting in a looser structure compared to woven fabrics. In practical use, they are more susceptible to external forces such as stretching, compression, and friction, leading to localized damage like tears or deformation. For instance, the elbows of sweaters and the toes of socks are critical areas prone to damage due to excessive localized stress.

Bursting strength refers to the maximum pressure a fabric can withstand in a vertical direction before rupturing under uniform expansion. This metric directly reflects a knit fabric's comprehensive ability to resist multi-directional impacts and stretching forces. Simply put, higher bursting strength indicates greater resistance to damage during daily wear and use, resulting in superior durability. Therefore, precise measurement of bursting strength provides a core dimension for evaluating a knit fabric's long-term performance.

III. Two Most Common Methods for Fabric Bursting Strength Testing

Bursting strength testers simulate the multidirectional expansion forces knitted fabrics endure during actual use, precisely measuring critical data at the moment of bursting to provide scientific basis for durability assessment. Mainstream testing methods include pneumatic, hydraulic, and steel ball approaches. Among these, pneumatic and hydraulic methods are widely adopted for knitted fabric testing due to their high precision and broad adaptability.

1. Hydraulic Testing Principle

A sample of specified area is clamped onto an expandable diaphragm, with liquid pressure applied beneath the diaphragm. Liquid volume is then increased at a constant rate, causing the diaphragm and specimen to expand until rupture occurs. The burst strength and burst expansion are measured.

Common hydraulic burst strength testers utilize glycerin liquid pressure to generate a lifting effect through an elastic membrane for testing.

Common relevant test standards include:

American Standard ASTM D3786, using psi as the unit;

European Standard ISO 13938-1 and Chinese National Standard GB/T 7742.1, using kPa as the unit.

2. Pneumatic Testing Principle

The sample is clamped onto an expandable diaphragm, and air pressure is applied beneath the diaphragm. The gas volume increases at a constant rate, causing the diaphragm and sample to expand until the sample ruptures. The burst strength and expansion degree are then measured.

Common relevant test methods include:

American Standard ASTM D3786, units: psi.

European Standard ISO 13938-2, Chinese National Standard GB/T 7742.2, units: kPa.

IV. Three Key Pathways for Bursting Strength Testers to Ensure Durability

Bursting strength testers play a role not only in finished product inspection but throughout the entire knitted fabric production process. From raw material selection to production process optimization and finished product quality control, they comprehensively ensure fabric durability.

1. Raw Material Selection: Eliminating Substandard Products at the Source

The durability of knitted fabrics fundamentally depends on raw material quality. Yarn strength, toughness, fineness, and other metrics directly influence the final fabric's burst strength. During procurement, enterprises can use burst strength testers to sample and inspect greige fabrics woven from different yarn batches, selecting raw materials that meet burst strength standards.

2. Production Process Optimization: Enhancing Fabric Durability

Knitted fabric production processes (e.g., knitting density, loop size, finishing techniques) directly affect structural stability and burst strength. During manufacturing, companies can use burst strength testers to evaluate fabric samples under various process parameters, identifying optimal production combinations.

3. Finished Product Quality Control: Preventing Substandard Goods from Entering the Market

Burst strength testing is an indispensable quality control step before knitted fabrics leave the factory. Manufacturers must conduct sampling inspections according to relevant standards to ensure each batch meets industry or customer specifications for burst strength.

V. Conclusion: Burst Strength Tester—The Ultimate Guardian of Knitted Fabric Durability

Amidst rising consumer expectations, demand for durable knitted fabric products continues to grow. To thrive in competitive markets, manufacturers must rigorously enforce quality standards. The burst strength tester provides scientific assurance for knit fabric durability throughout the entire process—from raw material selection and production process optimization to finished product quality control—by precisely measuring fabric burst strength.

As a specialized enterprise in textile testing instruments, our burst strength tester features a high-precision control system, multi-standard compatible design, and intelligent operation interface. It precisely adapts to various knit fabric testing requirements, delivering reliable and efficient testing solutions for enterprises.

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1. The Importance of Drop Testing

Drop testing simulates the impact conditions that products may encounter during transportation and storage to evaluate the protective performance of packaging. Good packaging must not only protect products from external environmental damage, but also provide cushioning when impacted to reduce the risk of product damage. Drop testing is crucial for evaluating the rationality and effectiveness of packaging design.

2. Drop Test Standards

2.1 Height Standards: The height for drop tests is typically determined based on the product's weight, dimensions, and fragility. Generally, drop heights are categorized into several levels, such as 30 cm, 50 cm, and 100 cm. The appropriate drop height should be selected based on actual conditions during testing.

2.2 Number of Drops Standards: The number of drops in a drop test is also an important indicator for evaluating packaging performance. Generally, the more drops, the better the packaging's protective performance. Common drop test frequencies include 1 time, 2 times, 3 times, etc., with the specific frequency determined based on product characteristics and test requirements.

2.3 Angle Standards: The angles used in drop tests typically include 90 degrees, 45 degrees, and 0 degrees. Drops at different angles can simulate various impact scenarios that products may encounter during transportation, thereby more effectively evaluating the protective performance of the packaging.

3. Drop Test Method

3.1 Preparation: Before conducting the drop test, ensure that the product is properly placed inside the packaging and sealed according to actual transportation conditions. Prepare the drop test equipment, such as a drop test machine or manual drop device.

3.2 Selecting Drop Height and Number of Drops: Based on product characteristics and test requirements, select an appropriate drop height and number of drops. Ensure that the product is not damaged during the test.

3.3 Conducting the Drop Test: Drop the product at the predetermined height and angle, observing the deformation of the packaging during the drop and whether the product is damaged. If necessary, use high-speed cameras or other equipment to record the drop process for subsequent analysis.

3.4 Analyzing Test Results: Evaluate the protective performance of the packaging based on observations and analysis during the drop test. If defects in the packaging or product damage are detected, promptly improve the packaging design or adjust the drop test parameters.

4. The Significance of Carton Drop Tests for Product Transportation

4.1 During transportation, products may be subjected to various operations (such as accidental drops during manual handling, falls during forklift transfers, stack collapses, or collisions during loading/unloading) that can cause them to fall. The angle of impact (face, edge, or corner), height, and impact force vary, resulting in significant differences in the extent of damage to the products. By simulating drop scenarios under different conditions, potential risk points that could lead to product damage during actual transportation (such as carton rupture when dropped on a specific face or internal product deformation due to pressure when dropped on a specific corner) can be identified in advance, thereby preventing issues from arising during actual circulation.

4.2 After drop testing, inspections of the carton and internal products can directly identify weaknesses in packaging design or materials.

4.3 Based on defects identified through testing, targeted packaging improvements can be made to fundamentally enhance protective performance.

The core value of carton drop testing lies in “proactively identifying risks, quantifying packaging performance, and guiding precise optimization.” By simulating real-world impacts, identifying defects, and improving designs, packaging can effectively protect products, reduce damage rates during transportation from the source, lower costs associated with returns and claims for businesses, and simultaneously enhance customer satisfaction.

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1. Laboratory Standard Test Methods

(1) DIN Abrasion Test (ISO 4649 Standard)

Principle: By friction between a rotating abrasive wheel (silicon carbide sandpaper or abrasive) and a shoe sole sample, the abrasion volume or mass loss is measured at a certain number of revolutions. The smaller the value, the better the abrasion resistance.

Equipment: DIN abrasion tester.

Operational Steps:

Prepare the shoe sole material into standard samples (e.g., a cylindrical sample with a diameter of 16 mm).  

Set the abrasive wheel speed (typically 40–50 revolutions per minute), load (e.g., 5 N or 10 N), and friction distance.  

After testing, weigh the sample to determine mass loss, or calculate abrasion volume directly using the instrument.  

Application: Suitable for comparing the abrasion resistance of shoe sole raw materials (e.g., rubber, polyurethane, etc.), this is a commonly used industry standard.

(2) Akron Abrasion Test (ISO 4662 Standard)  

Principle: The sample is fixed to a rotating wheel and rubs against sandpaper at a certain angle (typically 15° or 30°). The number of revolutions required to achieve the specified thickness or mass loss is measured.  

Equipment: Akron abrasion tester.

Operational Steps:  

Prepare dumbbell-shaped or circular test specimens and record the initial thickness and mass.  

Set the rotational speed (e.g., 76 revolutions per minute), load (e.g., 2.75 N), and friction angle.  

After testing, calculate the wear amount (e.g., volume loss/mm³) or wear index (compared to standard rubber).  

Features: Simulates the bending friction scenario of shoe soles, with results more closely resembling actual wear and tear during use.

2. Actual scenario simulation testing

(1) Walking test (field test)

Method:

Manual walking: Have testers walk a certain distance (e.g., 50 kilometers) wearing the sole samples on specific road surfaces (e.g., concrete, asphalt, cobblestone), and periodically observe the degree of sole wear (e.g., changes in tread depth, material damage).

Mechanical Walking: Use a gait simulator (e.g., Friction Tester) to fix the sole and simulate the bending, friction, and impact forces experienced during human walking, recording wear data.  

Advantages: Closest to real-world usage scenarios, enabling a comprehensive assessment of the sole's overall durability.

(2) Friction coefficient and wear combination test

Principle: While measuring the friction coefficient of the sole, record the material loss during the friction process to evaluate the balance between wear resistance and slip resistance.

Equipment: Friction and wear testing machine (such as James Heal friction tester).

Application: Suitable for sports shoes, safety shoes, and other scenarios that require both slip resistance and wear resistance.

3. Other auxiliary testing methods

(1) Hardness testing (Shore hardness tester)

Correlation logic: Rubber hardness is typically positively correlated with abrasion resistance (higher hardness may indicate better abrasion resistance, but elasticity may decrease).

Procedure: Measure the hardness of the sole material using a Shore hardness tester (e.g., Shore A or D type), and analyze the correlation with abrasion test results.

(2) Microscopic Observation  

Method: Observe the microscopic structure of the sole surface (e.g., cracks, material peeling) before and after testing using an electron microscope or optical microscope to assess wear mechanisms (e.g., fatigue wear, abrasive wear).  

(3) Accelerated Aging Test  

Purpose: Simulate the effects of long-term use or environmental aging (e.g., high temperature, UV radiation) on abrasion resistance.

Equipment: Aging chamber, UV aging tester, combined with abrasion testing to compare performance changes before and after aging.

4. Test Result Analysis and Standards

Key Indicators:

Abrasion Volume (mm³/1.61 km): The lower the value, the better the abrasion resistance.

Abrasion Index: Compared to standard rubber (e.g., NR natural rubber), an index >100 indicates superior abrasion resistance.

Industry Reference Standards:

Sports Shoes: Abrasion volume is typically required to be <100 mm³/1.61 km (DIN test).

Safety Shoes: Must pass specific abrasion tests (e.g., GB 21148-2020 standard) to ensure durability in harsh environments.

5. Notes

Sample Preparation: Samples must be taken from different parts of the sole (e.g., forefoot, heel) to avoid uneven material affecting the results.

Environmental Control: Test temperature (23±2°C) and humidity (50±5%) must be standardized to avoid environmental interference.

Combination of Methods: A single test cannot comprehensively evaluate abrasion resistance; it is recommended to combine laboratory testing with real-world scenario simulations to comprehensively assess sole performance.

Through the above methods, the abrasion resistance of rubber soles can be systematically evaluated, providing a basis for material R&D, production quality control, and product selection.

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The melt flow indexer is a precision instrument used to measure the fluidity of plastics in a molten state. It is widely used in the fields of materials science, plastics industry and quality control. In order to maintain its test accuracy and extend its service life, cleaning after use is essential. The following are detailed steps for cleaning the melt flow indexer after use:

Take out the sample: After the test, wait for the barrel to cool to a certain temperature, use the ejector rod to eject the remaining sample from the barrel, take out the sample and place it properly.

Clean the die: Use special die cleaning tools, such as die cleaning needles, scrapers, etc., to carefully remove the residual material in the die. Be careful to operate gently to avoid damaging the inner wall of the die. For some difficult-to-clean material residues, you can use appropriate solvents for soaking and cleaning, but be careful to choose solvents that are not corrosive to the instrument, and wipe it dry with a clean cloth after cleaning.

Clean the barrel: Generally, a copper brush or a stainless steel brush is used, which is inserted into the barrel and rotated to remove the material attached to the inner wall of the barrel. For stubborn material residues, use a cotton ball or gauze soaked in solvent to wipe, but make sure that the solvent does not damage the barrel. After cleaning, blow the barrel dry with clean air, or use clean gauze to wipe it dry.

Clean the piston rod: Wipe the piston rod with a clean cloth to remove the material and oil on the surface. If there is material adhering to the piston rod, use a solvent to clean it and then wipe it dry. Make sure the surface of the piston rod is clean and smooth to ensure its normal operation and measurement accuracy.

Clean the outside of the instrument: Wipe the outer casing of the instrument with a damp cloth to remove dust and stains on the surface. For stubborn stains, use a small amount of mild detergent, but avoid the detergent flowing into the inside of the instrument. After wiping, wipe the outer casing of the instrument with a dry cloth.

Turn off the power: After all cleaning work is completed, turn off the power switch of the instrument and unplug the power plug.

Inspection and maintenance: Regularly check whether the various parts of the instrument are intact. If wear or damage is found, replace them in time. Perform necessary lubrication and maintenance on the instrument to ensure that it is in good working condition.

When cleaning the melt flow index meter, be sure to follow the instrument's instruction manual to avoid damage to the instrument due to improper operation. At the same time, the instrument should be regularly maintained to extend its service life and ensure measurement accuracy.

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To ensure the safety of children's toys, the EN 71 series of standards was established. This series includes EN 71-1, Test methods for mechanical and physical properties.

1. Standard Description

EN 71-1 Safety of toys — Part 1: Mechanical and physical properties

2. EN 71-1 covers the following aspects:

2.1 Mechanical and physical properties: EN 71-1 specifies requirements for the mechanical and physical properties of toys to ensure they do not pose a hazard to children during play. This includes requirements related to material strength and integrity, as well as test methods for evaluating these properties.

2.2 Age Appropriateness: This standard provides guidance for age-appropriate labeling of toys. This is important to ensure that toys are appropriate for the intended age group, as younger children may have different safety needs than older children.

2.3 Small Parts: EN 71-1 includes requirements related to small parts in toys. Small parts can pose a choking hazard to young children, so this standard specifies size limits and test methods to determine whether a toy contains small parts.

2.4 Sharp Corners and Edges: This standard specifies requirements for sharp corners and edges in toys to prevent injuries.

2.5 Toys with cords, straps, or elastics: If a toy has cords, straps, or elastics, EN 71-1 includes requirements to minimize the risk of strangulation or entanglement.

2.6 Hygiene: This standard addresses hygiene requirements for toys to ensure they do not pose a risk to children's health.

3. Objectives

Toys are tested according to the EN 71-1 standard. The requirements of this standard vary depending on the age of children the toy is intended for and the type of toy.

These requirements primarily address the physical characteristics of toys, such as sharp edges, points, and small parts that could entrap. Requirements also include crushing injury risks, tumble hazards, and loads. Other requirements include information included with the purchase of the product, such as assembly instructions, warnings, and the CE label.

In addition, analysis and testing are performed according to EN 71-2 (Flammability) and EN 71-3 (Migration of Chemical Substances).

4. Other Related Standards

EN 71-2 Safety of Toys — Part 2: Flammability

EN 71-3 Safety of Toys — Part 3: Migration of Certain Elements

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11 Luggage Trolley Inspection Items

1. Appearance Defect Inspection: Inspect the tie rod surface visually or with a magnifying glass to identify defects such as scratches, dents, coating peeling, and oxidation.

2. Dimensional Accuracy Inspection: Use a vernier caliper or micrometer to measure tie rod diameter, wall thickness, section length, and other dimensions to ensure compliance with design specifications.

3. Material Composition Inspection: Use a spectrometer to determine the chemical composition of the tie rod metal or composite material to verify that it is the specified material.

4. Tensile Strength Testing: A tensile testing machine applies tension to the tie rod to test the maximum load at which it breaks, thereby assessing structural strength.

5. Compressive Strength Testing: A press machine applies vertical pressure to the tie rod to observe its deformation and damage under compression.

6. Fatigue Life Testing: A fatigue testing machine simulates the repeated extension and retraction of the tie rod, recording the number of cycles before failure or damage occurs.

7. Shake Test: After the tie rod is secured, a swing device is used to measure its lateral and longitudinal shake to determine operational stability.

8. Corrosion Resistance Test: Place the tie rod in a salt spray test chamber to simulate a humid environment. Observe surface rust and assess rust resistance.

9. Coating Adhesion Test: Use a cross-cut test or tape stripping method to check the durability of the tie rod surface coating.

10. Hardness Test: Use a Rockwell or Shore hardness tester to measure the surface hardness of the tie rod to determine its wear resistance and deformation resistance.

11. Locking Function Test: Manually operate the tie rod's telescopic locking mechanism to check the smoothness and reliability of its locking and unlocking.

9 Relevant Inspection Methods for Luggage Trolleys

1. Visual Inspection: Directly inspect the surface of the tie rod to check for defects such as scratches, deformation, and coating peeling.

2. Caliper Measurement: Use tools such as vernier calipers and micrometers to accurately measure dimensional parameters such as the tie rod diameter, wall thickness, and section length.

3. Spectroscopic Analysis: Use a spectrometer to analyze the chemical composition of the tie rod material to confirm whether it is made of the specified material, such as aluminum alloy or stainless steel.

4. Tensile Test Method: A tensile force is applied to the tie rod using a tensile testing machine to determine its tensile strength and fracture limit.

5. Compression Test Method: A press is used to apply vertical pressure to the tie rod to test its resistance to deformation under pressure.

6. Fatigue Test Method: A fatigue testing machine is used to simulate frequent extension and retraction of the tie rod to test its fatigue life.

7. Salt Spray Test: The tie rod is placed in a salt spray chamber to simulate a humid and corrosive environment to evaluate its surface rust and corrosion resistance.

8. Hardness Test: A Rockwell or Shore hardness tester is used to measure the surface hardness of the tie rod to determine its wear resistance.

9. Shake Test: The tie rod is secured with a swing device and its lateral and longitudinal shake is measured to determine stability.

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